Aplikasi Sistem Informasi Kepegawaian Full Moon

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Henriques De Figueiredo, B.; Barret, O.; Allard, M.; Fernandez, P. [Service de medecine nucleaire, CHU de Pellegrin, Bordeaux, (France); Demeaux, H.; Maire, J.P.; Lagarde, P. [service de radiotherapie, hopital Saint-Andre, Bordeaux, (France); Kantor, G.; Richau, P. [departement de radiotherapie, institut Bergonie, Bordeaux, (France); De Mones Del Pujol, E. [service d' ORL, hopital Pellegrin, Bordeaux, (France)

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The objective is to study in a prospective way, in the frame of head and neck cancers, the impact of the positron computed tomography with {sup 18}F fluorodeoxyglucose (PET-F.D.G.) on the limitation of target volumes in radiotherapy. In conclusions, the gross tumor volume (G.T.V.) defined on PET is smaller than this one defined on scanner, that could be interesting in radiotherapy, in the perspective of a dose escalation. In addition, areas of discordance exist between the clinical target volumes (C.T.V.70 and C.T.V.50) defined on PET and on scanner. These discordances, synonyms of under or over estimation of target volumes, could have important clinical consequences in term of local control and toxicity. (N.C.)

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Malaysian and Indonesian are two standardised registers of the Malay language, used in Malaysia and Indonesia, respectively. Both varieties are generally mutually intelligible, yet there are noticeable differences in spelling, grammar, pronunciation and vocabulary, as well as the predominant source of loanwords.[1][2][3] The differences can range from those mutually unintelligible with one another, to those having a closer familial resemblance. The regionalised and localised varieties of Malay can become a catalyst for intercultural conflict, especially in higher education.[4][5][6]

  • 4Vocabulary
  • 6The influence of English

Perception[edit]

To non-native speakers the two varieties may seem identical, but to native speakers the differences are noticeable through both diction and accent. They affect the broadcasting industry with regard to foreign language subtitling, for example, in DVD movies and on cable TV. In order to reach a wider audience, both Indonesian and Malay subtitles are sometimes displayed in a movie, along with other language subtitles. Another example is Malaysian TV providing Malay subtitling on Indonesian sinetrons (TV dramas) aired in Malaysia,[7] and vice versa.[8]

The Malay language in Indonesia and Malaysia also differs in recognition, where in Malaysia it enjoys status as the national language (Malaysian language),[9] while in Indonesia it is considered as a regional language in Malay-speaking areas such as the eastern coast of Sumatra and West Kalimantan.[10][11] The term 'Malay language' (Bahasa Melayu) in Indonesia and Malaysia invites different perceptions from its respective people.[12] To Malaysians, the Malay language is generally understood as the national language of Malaysia, with Malaysian language (Bahasa Malaysia) being a precise appellation for the Malay variety used in the country.[13] Between 1986 and 2007, the term Bahasa Melayu was used instead of Bahasa Malaysia, until the latter was reinstated, in order to instill a sense of belonging among Malaysians of all races, rather than just Malays.[14][15] Therefore, there was no clear distinction between the use of the term Malay (Bahasa Melayu) and the national language of Malaysia (Bahasa Malaysia). In Brunei, where Malay is also an official language, the language is known as Bahasa Melayu and in English as 'Malay'.[16]

In Indonesia, however, there is a clear distinction between 'Malay language' (bahasa Melayu) and 'Indonesian' (bahasa Indonesia). Indonesian is the national language which serves as the unifying language of Indonesia; despite being a standardized form of Malay, it is not referred to with the term 'Malay' in common parlance.[17] The term 'Malay' is usually reserved for the forms of Malay indigenous to the Malay ethnic group (the national standardized language of Malaysia and the non-standard idioms of Malay people, including those used by Malay Indonesians). Thus, 'Malay' is considered a regional language (bahasa daerah) in Indonesia, enjoying the same status as e.g. Javanese, Sundanese, Buginese, Balinese, Batak languages and others.[18] Moreover, to some Indonesians, the term 'Malay' is more often associated with Malaysia and the Malaysian variety of Malay.[19].

In Malaysia, the terms 'Indonesian Malay' and 'Malaysian Malay' are sometimes used for Indonesian and Malaysian as spoken in Malaysia. In Indonesia, 'Indonesian Malay' usually refers to the vernacular varieties of Malay spoken by the Malay peoples of Indonesia, that is, to Malay as a regional language in Sumatra, though it is rarely used.[20]Bahasa Malaysia and Bahasa Melayu are used interchangeably in reference to Malay in Malaysia.

Orthography[edit]

Before the 20th century, Malay was written in a local modified form of the Arabic alphabet known as Jawi. Youtube asbak band. During the 20th century, Malay written with Roman letters, known as Rumi, almost completely replaced Jawi in everyday life. The romanisations originally used in Malaya (now part of Malaysia) and the Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia) reflected their past history as British and Dutch colonial possessions respectively. In Malaya, the romanisation of Malay, devised by Richard Wilkinson[21] was influenced by English, whereas in the Dutch East Indies, the system devised by C. A. Van Ophuijsen was influenced by Dutch.[22] As a result, in Indonesia, the vowel in the English word 'moon' was formerly represented oe, as in Dutch, although the official spelling of this sound was changed to u in 1947 when the Republican Spelling System was used.[23]

Similarly, until 1972, the initial consonant of the English 'chin' was represented in Malaysia as ch, whereas in Indonesia, it continued to follow Dutch and used tj. Hence the word for 'grandchild' used to be written as chuchu in Malaysia and tjoetjoe in Indonesia, until a unified spelling system was introduced in 1972 (known in Indonesia as Ejaan Yang Disempurnakan or the 'Perfected Spelling') which removed most differences between the two varieties: Malay ch and Indonesian tj became c: hence cucu.[24] Indonesia abandoned the spelling dj (for the consonant at the beginning of the word 'Jakarta') to conform to the j already in use in Malaysia, while the old Indonesian j for the semivowel at the beginning of the English 'young', was replaced with y as in Malaysia. Likewise, the velar fricative which occurs in many Arabic loanwords, which used to be written 'ch' in Indonesian, became kh in both languages.[24] However, oe was retained in some proper names, such as the name of the first President, Sukarno (written as Soekarno), and his successor Suharto, (written as Soeharto). The ch and dj letter combinations are still encountered in names such as Achmad and Djojo (pronounced as Akhmad and Joyo Album gotan project la revancha del tango. respectively), although the post-1972 spelling is now favoured.

Although the representations of speech sounds are now largely identical in the Indonesian and Malay standards, a number of minor spelling differences remain, usually for historical reasons. For instance, the word for 'money' is written as wang in Malaysia, but uang in Indonesia, the word for 'try' is written as cuba in Malaysia, but coba in Indonesia, the word for 'because' is written as kerana in Malaysia, but karena in Indonesia, while the word for 'cake' is written as kuih in Malaysia, but kue in Indonesia. One notable difference in punctuation between the two languages is the use of different decimal marks; Indonesian, influenced by Dutch, uses the decimal comma,[25] whereas Malay, influenced by English, uses the decimal point.[26]

Pronunciation[edit]

Pronunciation also tends to be very different, with East Malaysia, Brunei and East Indonesia pronouncing words in a form called Bahasa Baku,[27] where the words are pronounced as spelled.[28] and enunciation tends to be clipped, staccato and faster than on the Malay Peninsula, which is spoken at a more languorous pace. Many vowels are pronounced (and were formerly spelt) differently in Peninsular Malaysia, Singapore and Sumatra: tujuh is pronounced (and was spelt) tujoh, pilih as pileh, etc., and many final a's tend to be pronounced as schwas; [e] and [o] are also allophones of /i/ and /u/ in closed final syllables in peninsular Malaysian, Singaporean and Sumatran varieties of Malay.[29][30]

Vocabulary[edit]

Aplikasi Sistem Informasi Kepegawaian Full Moon

Vocabulary differences[edit]

Indonesian differs from Malaysian in the quantity of loanwords from Javanese, Dutch and other languages. For example, the word for 'post office' in Malaysia is 'pejabat pos' (in Indonesia this means 'post officer'), whereas in Indonesia it is 'kantor pos', from the Dutch word for office, kantoor. There are also some Portuguese influences: in Indonesia, Christmas is known as 'Natal', whereas Malaysia uses 'Krismas', derived from English (or in some cases also 'Natal', due to Indonesian influence). Pronunciation of some loanwords in Standard Malay follows English, while some in Indonesian follows Dutch, for example Malay 'televisyen' (from English: television) and Indonesian 'televisi' (from Dutch: televisie), the '-syen' and '-si' also prevail in some other words. There are also instances where the Malaysian version derives from English pronunciation while the Indonesian version takes its cue from Latin. The Latin preference of the (older) Indonesian intellectuals in these instances may be ascribed to the influence of their classical-oriented education when Gymnasium schools were established during the Dutch colonial period : compare Malay kualiti, kuantiti, majoriti, minoriti and universiti with Indonesian kualitas, kuantitas, mayoritas, minoritas and universitas.

Some words which are spelt the same in both languages may even carry entirely different meanings in the other language, potentially leading to humorous or embarrassing situations: while baja means 'steel' in Indonesian, in Malaysian it means 'fertiliser'. Also, whereas the Indonesian word butuh means 'require' or 'need', in Malaysian, it is a vulgar slang term equivalent to 'cunt/cock'. Conversely, where the word 'banci' seems innocuous enough in Malaysia ('census'), in Indonesia it is a derogatory term for 'transvestite'.

The relatively large share of Islamic (Arabic or Persian) loan words shared by Malaysian and Indonesian often poses no difficulty in comprehension and usage, although some forms may have developed a (slightly) different meaning or have become obsolete either in Malaysian or in Indonesian, e.g. khidmat, wakil (see below).

Vocabulary comparison[edit]

EnglishMalaysianIndonesian
abolitionpemansuhanpenghapusan,
abolisi
abortionpengguguranaborsi,
pengguguran (of a fetus)
abroadluar negaraluar negeri
accessibilitykebolehcapaian,
ketercapaian
keterjangkauan,
ketercapaian,
aksesibilitas
account (bank, bills)akaunrekening (from Dutch – only used in the bank),
akun (used in all term of account excluding bank account)
accountabilitykebertanggungjawapan,
akauntabliti
akuntabilitas,
pertanggungjawaban
accountantakauntanakuntan
accountingperakaunanakuntansi
accuratetepattepat,
akurat influenced by Dutch accuraat
administrationpentadbiranadministrasi
afterselepas,
setelah
selepas,
sesudah,
setelah (also used in Malay to indicate consecutive actions)
afternoonpetangsore, petang
agentejen, agenagen
air forcetentera udaraangkatan udara
airportlapangan terbang ('airfield' in Indonesian)bandar udara (bandara)
AlexandriaIskandariahAlexandria, Iskandariyah, a city in Egypt
AlgeriaAlgeriaAljazair from Arabic al-Jazā'ir
allianceperikatan, persekutuan, pakatanaliansi (influenced by Dutch alliantie),
persekutuan
alloypancalogam, aloilogam paduan,
logam campuran, aloi
apartmentpangsapuri,
rumah pangsa,
rumah kondo (only for 'condominium')
apartemen (influenced by Dutch appartement),
rumah susun (rusun) (public housing for poor family),
kondominium
application (software)perisian penggunaan, aplikasiperangkat lunak, aplikasi
architectureseni binaarsitektur (influenced by Dutch architectuur)
archivearkibarsip from Dutch archief
areakawasandaerah, area,
kawasan
armed forcestenteratentara,
angkatan bersenjata
armytentera daratangkatan darat
assemblymajlis,
perhimpunan (from the root verb 'himpun' meaning 'to gather/assemble')
majelis,
himpunan,
perhimpunan
assetsasetharta,
aset,
aktiva (from Dutch activa)
associationpersatuanasosiasi (from Dutch associatie),
persatuan,
perkumpulan
assumptionandaian,
anggapan
asumsi,
anggapan,

dugaan

astronautangkasawanantariksawan,

astronot

AthensAthensAthena (influenced by Dutch Athene or from native Greek Athina)
athletics(sport)olahraga ('sport' in Indonesian)atletik
auctionlelong from Portuguese leilãolelang also from Portuguese leilão
AugustOgosAgustus from Dutch augustus
auntiemakcik (also used in Riau Malay dialect in Indonesia),
emak saudara,
ibu saudara
bibi,
tante from Dutch
autobiographyautobiografiautobiografi, otobiografi is a nonstandard spelling
automaticautomatik (formerly otomatik)otomatis (derived from Dutch pronunciation of automatisch)
autonomyautonomiotonomi (Self-governing)
awkwardjanggal;
kekok (of gesture)
aneh,
janggal;
canggung,
kikuk (of gesture)
backpackbeg sandang (literally 'sling bag')ransel (from Dutch), tas punggung
backstage (of a theater or studio)belakang tabirbelakang layar (literally 'back screen/behind the screen'),

belakang panggung

bagbegtas from Dutch
basebandjalur asaspita dasar
basin (wash basin/sink)besenwastafel (from Dutch, lit. washing table)
basket (ball)keranjangbola basket
basket (in general)bakulkeranjang
becausekerana,
sebab
karena,
sebab
bedkatilmatras influenced by Dutch matras,
tempat tidur,
ranjang,
kasur
BelgiumBelgiumBelgia influenced by Dutch België
BelgradeBelgradeBeograd
belt (of a seat)tali keledarsabuk,
ikat pinggang
bicyclebasikalsepeda (influenced by French velocipede)
bill (legislation)rang undang-undangrancangan undang-undang,
legislasi
billboardpapan iklanbaliho supposedly from English ballyhoo (in English it means extravagant publicity or fuss)
papan iklan,
papan reklame from Dutch reclame (advertisement)
billionseribu juta, bilionmiliar (from Dutch miljard), milyar (informal but frequently used)
binaryperduaanbiner (from Dutch binaire)
bishopbiskop,
bisyop
uskup
board (company)lembaga 'agency' in Indonesiandewan
bonnet, hood (of a car)bonet,
bumbung,
hud
kap from Dutch
boot, trunk (of a car)butbagasi
BritainBritainInggris,
Britania (influenced by Dutch Brittannië but it is rarely used)
BrusselsBrusselsBrussel (influenced by Dutch)
BucharestBucharestBukarest
bucket; pailbaldiember from Dutch emmer
busbasbus,
bis nonstandard, influenced by Dutch pronunciation
bus stationstesen basterminal bus ( frequently pronounced as terminal bis as it is derived from Dutch pronunciation of bus )
bus stopperhentian baspemberhentian bus,

halte bus from Dutch bushalte

businessperniagaan,
bisnes
perniagaan (less commonly used),
bisnis
CairoKaherah from Arabic Al-QahirahKairo
CambodiaKembojaKamboja
CameroonCameroonKamerun
campkemkamp (reflects Dutch pronunciation)
campaignkempenkampanye (from Dutch campagne (a French loanword))
can (to be able)boleh,
dapat
bisa,
dapat,
cancerkanser,
barah
kanker from Dutch
capacitorpemuat,
kapasitor
kondensator,
kapasitor
capital cityibu negaraibu kota
carkereta
(means carriage in Indonesian, commonly used as a shorthand for kereta api, which means train. Malay followed English derivation of car which was a contraction of horseless carriage)
mobil (from Dutch/mid-English automobile)
cardkadkartu from Dutch kaart
careerkerjaya,
karier
karier
CaribbeanCaribbeanKaribia
carrotlobak merahwortel from Dutch
casekeskasus,
hal
cashwang tunaiuang tunai,
kas
cashierjuruwangkasir, from Dutch kassier
juru uang(rare)
cavalrypasukan berkudapasukan berkuda,
kavaleri
cementsimensemen
censortapisan (means 'filter' in Indonesian)sensor
censusbanci (means 'transvestite' in Indonesian)sensus,
cacah,
banci (virtually never used in Indonesia, listed by KBBI)
centipedelipankelabang,
lipan
centralpusatpusat,
sentral,
tengah
chaos (theory)teori kekacauanteori kekacauan
chillicili, lada ('pepper' in Indonesian), cabai (used in the northern states of Malaysia)cabai,
lombok
ChinaChinaTionghoa (standard term for Chinese people),
Tiongkok (Republik Rakyat Tiongkok: official name of the People's Republic of China),
Cina (standard, still in common use but discouraged due to possible racist connotations. See Shina for further information.),
China (nonstandard)
ChristmasKrismas,
Natal
Natal from Portuguese
cinemapanggung wayang bergambar (more popularly abbreviated as pawagam),
panggung wayang
bioskop from Dutch bioscoop
circuitlitarsirkuit
citybandar,
bandaraya (big city),
kota
kota,
bandar (a city in the sea shore or port city in Indonesian)
civilawam (In Indonesian, it means 'not expert'),
sivil
sipil
claimtuntutan (means 'sue' in Indonesian)klaim
clarificationpenjernihan (to make something, e.g. water, clear in Indonesian) klarifikasi,
penjelasan
clause (legal)fasal (equivalent term in Indonesian is pasal)ayat,
klausul
club (association)kelabklub,
perkumpulan infrequent
coach (carriage)kocgerbong
coatkotjas from Dutch jas
cockroachlipaslipas,
kecoa from the Chinese Min Nan ka chuah
coinsyiling from English shillingkeping
collegekolej,
maktab
kampus,
kolese,
kolegium
CologneCologneKöln,
Koeln
ColombiaColombiaKolombia
commentulasan,
komen
ulasan (can be including review, interpretation and comment),
komentar (from Dutch commentaar)
commissionsuruhanjayakomisi (from Dutch commissie)
commissionerpesuruhjayakomisaris (from Dutch commissaris),
komisioner
committeejawatankuasakomite
panitia
commonwealthkomanwelpersemakmuran
ComorosComorosKomoro
companysyarikatperusahaan,
firma,
maskapai (from Dutch maatschappij – almost exclusively used to refer to airline companies, i.e. maskapai penerbangan)
compilerpenyusunpenyusun,
kompilator
complaintaduanaduan,
keluhan,
komplain
conclusionkesimpulan;
konklusi (rare)
kesimpulan,
konklusi (from Dutch conclusie)
condensationpemeluwapan,
pengembunan,
pencecairan
kondensasi (from Dutch condensatie),
pengembunan
conferencepersidangankonferensi (from Dutch conferentie),
sidang
confirmationpengesahankonfirmasi,
pengesahan of a document,
kepastian of a decision
conflictpertikaiankonflik,
pertentangan,
pertikaian
CongoCongoKongo
conservation(movement)pemuliharaan;
konservasi (rare)
konservasi,
pelestarian (of animals and plants)
constitution of a countryperlembagaanundang-undang dasar (influenced by Dutch grondwet ('basic law')),
konstitusi (from Dutch constitutie)
constructionpembinaanpembangunan (of building),
pembinaan (of moral),
konstruksi (from Dutch constructie)
consumptionperbelanjaankonsumsi (from Dutch consumptie),
pemakaian,
penggunaan
contaminationpencemaranpencemaran,
kontaminasi
continuousselanjarberkesinambungan,
berlanjut,
kontinu
conversionpenukaran (mean 'exchange' in Indonesia)konversi (from Dutch conversie),
perubahan
corporationperbadanankorporasi (from Dutch corporatie),
badan usaha,
perusahaan
corruptionrasuah;
korupsi (rare)
korupsi (from Dutch corruptie),
rasuah (non-standard)
Costa RicaCosta RicaKosta Rika
counterkaunterloket from Dutch,
konter/kaunter non-standard
countrynegaranegara,
negeri in Malaysia, negeri usually refers to a state within a federation
courtmahkamahpengadilan,
mahkamah
crackerkeropokkerupuk
criminaljenayahpenjahat,
kriminal,
ahli pidana (ahli pidana is criminal law expert)
CroatiaCroatiaKroasia
crucialgentingkrusial,
penting,
genting
CubaCubaKuba
cupboardalmari (from Portuguese armário)lemari also from armário
current (adjective, of time)semasasaat ini,

kini,

terkini,

aktual (from Dutch actueel)

current affairshal ehwal semasaaktualitas, peristiwa terkini
curtainlangsir (In Indonesian, langsir is train wagon arrangement.),
tirai
tirai,
gorden (from Dutch gordijn)
customs (authority)kastampabean refers to the administrative institution,
bea dan cukai (bea-cukai) lit. tariff-and-tax, duty
cutecomelimut,
menggemaskan,
lucu
CyprusCyprusSiprus
Czech RepublicRepublik Czech(Republik) Ceko
dandruffkelemumurketombe
DecemberDisemberDesember (influenced by Dutch december)
decimalperpuluhan (In Indonesian, perpuluhan means tithe.)desimal (from Dutch decimale),
persepuluhan (rare)
decreedekrisurat keputusan,
dekrit (from Dutch decreet)
degree (of temperature)darjahderajat
delicious, tastylazat,
sedap,
enak
lezat,
enak,
sedap
democraticdemokratikdemokratis (from Dutch demokratisch
note: 'democratic republic' (in country names) translates as republik demokratik, such as in Republik Demokratik Kongo (Democratic Republic of the Congo))
departmentjabatan ('occupation' in Indonesian)departemen,
jurusan (for department in university)
departurepelepasankeberangkatan,
kepergian
depression (psychological)kemurungan (In Indonesian, kemurungan means 'sadness'.)depresi (from Dutch depressie)
deputytimbalanwakil,
deputi,
timbalan (rare)
designreka bentukdesain,
kerangka bentuk,
rancangan
detailterperincidetail,
detil (nonstandard),
perincian,
rinci (nonstandard)
dialectloghatdialek,
logat
detectionpengesanapelacakan,
deteksi
different – differencebeza,
berbeza – perbezaan
beda,
berbeda – perbedaan
diocesekawasan uskup,
keuskupan
keuskupan
directorpengarahdirektur from Dutch (and French) directeur,
sutradara (of a film) from Sanskrit (through Javanese),
pengarah (for an event)
discountdiskaun,
rebat,
potongan harga
diskon,
rabat,
potongan harga,
korting from Dutch, less frequent
discussionperbincangan,
diskusi
pembicaraan,
perbincangan,
diskusi (from Dutch discussie)
disinfectantpenyahjangkitdisinfektan,
sucihama
domesticdalam negaradalam negeri,
domestik
driverpemandu
means guide in Indonesian
sopir from French chauffeur through Dutch, pengemudi formal
driver's license (U.S.)
driving licence (UK)
lesen memandusurat izin mengemudi (SIM)
drugs (illegal)dadah (colloquial use in Indonesia means 'goodbye'.)narkoba (an acronym for NARKotika dan OBat-obatan terlArang (narcotics and illegal drugs)),
NAPZA (less frequent – an acronym for NArkotika, Psikotropika dan Zat-zat Adiktif (narcotics, psychotropics, and addictive chemical substances))
Dutch East IndiesHindia Timur BelandaHindia-Belanda
duty (economics)duti,
cukai
bea,
cukai
e-maile-melsurel (standard, shortened of surat elektronik (electronic mail)),
email (rarely used in everyday spelling, often used on online spelling (e.g. website-based registration or social account))
EasterEaster, Paskah strictly used for Jewish Passover Paskah from Portuguese Pascoa
EcuadorEcuadorEkuador
editorpenyuntingeditor,
penyunting,
redaktur (from French rédacteur through Dutch – refers to editors of mass printed media)
editorial (board)kakitangan editorialredaksi (from Dutch redactie),editorial
effectivenesskeberkesanankeampuhan,
keefektifan,
efektivitas (from Dutch effectiviteit)
efficiencykecekapanefisiensi,
kedayagunaan,
kemangkusan
Eid ul-FitrHari Raya AidilfitriHari Raya Idulfitri – Idul Fitri nonstandard spelling, but common, Lebaran colloquial – from Javanese
eightlapan used as colloquial abbreviation in Indonesiandelapan used in Malaysia before the spelling reform
elasticity (economy)keanjalanbingkas, elastisitas
electricitytenaga elektrik lit. electric energylistrik,
kelistrikan,
setrum (from Dutch stroom)
embargo (political)sekatan (In Indonesian, it means 'obstacle' or 'room which separated with partition')boikot, embargo
emergencykecemasan (used for anxiety or 'too anxious' (condition) in Indonesian.)darurat (from Arabic – also used in Malaysia to express a state of emergency), kegawatan
emperormaharajakaisar (from Dutch keizer),
maharaja (from Sanskrit)
empireempayarkekaisaran,
imperium
enamelenamelemail (from Dutch emaille)
energytenagaenergi,
tenaga (for 'power')
engineenjinmesin,
motor
Englandnegeri InggerisInggris
erasergetah pemadampenghapus
erosionhakisanpengikisan,
erosi (from Dutch erosie)
escalatortangga geraktangga berjalan,
eskalator
estimationjangkaan,
anggaran
perkiraan,
dugaan,
estimasi
EthiopiaHabsyah from Arabic الحبشة al-habsha (Abyssinia)Etiopia
EuropeEropahEropa,
Europa (nonstandard)
evacuationpemindahan (In Indonesian, it means 'translocation' or 'relocation'.)pengungsian,
evakuasi (from Dutch evacuatie)
evaluationpenilaianpenilaian,
evaluasi (from Dutch evaluatie)
eveningtejasore
petang
excesslebihankelebihan,
berlebihan,
ekses
excretionperkumuhanekskresi,
pembuangan kotoran
execution (death sentence)hukuman matieksekusi (from Dutch executie),
(peng)hukuman mati
exhaust (pipe)ekzosknalpot (from Dutch, in which it also means 'muffler')
explorationpenjelajahan,
eksplorasi
eksplorasi,
penjelajahan
exporteksportekspor
exposependedahanpaparan,
ekspos,
pendedahan (virtually never used in Indonesia, listed by KBBI)
extinctpupuspadam (of flame or light),
punah (of species),
pupus (loss of hope)
facultyfakultifakultas,
fakulteit (obsolete, from Dutch)
facilitykemudahan, fasilitikemudahan,
fasilitas
faction (politics)puakfaksi,
fraksi from Dutch fractie
factorykilang ('refinery' in Indonesian)pabrik from Dutch fabriek
fan (fanatic)peminatpenggemar, fans informal, from English; Indonesians always use the plural form.
federalpersekutuanfederal
federationpersekutuan (related to 'alliance' in Indonesian)federasi from Dutch federatie,
serikat
fermentationfermentasi,
peragian
fermentasi,
peragian,
penapaian
financialkewangankeuangan,
finansial from Dutch financieel
FinlandFinlandFinlandia
firefighter squadbombapemadam kebakaran (lit. fire extinguisher),
branwir (from Dutch brandweer (fire defense))
flash drivepemacu kilatpenggerak kilat
floor, level (storey)tingkat may be used in Indonesian to express the number of storeys/levels a building has, e.g. a 5-storey building = gedung bertingkat 5, or to emphasize British floor numbering, e.g. tingkat satu means first floor (UK), second floor (US) in both languages, aras (used to emphasize American floor numbering, e.g. aras dua = tingkat satu lantai also refers to floor as ground surface in both languages, emphasizes American floor numbering, tingkat emphasizes British floor numbering, e.g. lantai dua = tingkat satu
footballbola sepaksepakbola
force (physics)dayagaya
form (document)borangformulir from Dutch formulier, borang(nonstandard)
free (of charge)percuma in Indonesian means 'worthless'gratis from Dutch,
cuma-cuma,
cecuma (nonstandard)
funguskulat, fungusfungi (commonly has got misconception as: jamur)
furnitureperabot rumah,
perkakas rumah (In Indonesian, perkakas means equipment.)
mebel from Dutch meubelen,
perabot rumah tangga,
furnitur
fusionpelakuranfusi,
penggabungan,
peleburan
gangstersamsenggeng,
preman from Dutch vrijman (lit. free-man),
gangster from English
garagegarajgarasi influenced by Dutch pronunciation
garrisongarrisongarnisun from Dutch garnizoen
geargearroda gigi influenced by Dutch tandwiel, literally 'tooth wheel'
gearboxkotak gearpersneling from Dutch versnelling, girboks, transmisi
general (military)jeneraljenderal from Dutch generaal
gingerhaliajahe
Global Positioning SystemSistem Kedudukan SejagatSistem Pemosisian Global
goal keeperpenjaga gol/penjaga gawangkiper,
penjaga gawang
golf club (stick)kayu golfstik golf,
pemukul golf,
tongkat golf
governmentkerajaan
derived from raja (king) – used in Malaysia and Brunei – in Indonesian means 'kingdom'
pemerintah
derived from perintah (order/instruction) – also used in Singapore, which, like Indonesia, is a republic
governorgabenor,
Yang di-Pertua Negeri (in Malaysian states)
gubernur from Dutch gouverneur
gradationpemeringkatangradasi,
pemberian tingkat (pemeringkatan)
graduatesiswazah,
sarjana
lulusan,
sarjana
grandfatherdatukkakek
GreeceGreece of recent use, YunaniYunani from Arabic Yūnān يُونَان
gross financialkasarbruto from Dutch,
kasar
groupsekumpulan, kumpulankelompok,
grup from Dutch pronunciation of groep,
(per)kumpulan,
(per)himpunan
guaranteejaminanjaminan,
garansi from Dutch pronunciation of garantie
half past onepukul satu setengah (one thirty)pukul setengah dua (thirty to two)
hammertukulpalu,
martil from Portugue martelo
head officeibu pejabat 'ibu' also means 'mother' or 'ma'am' in both languages.kantor pusat 'kantor' – from Dutch kantoor (office)
headscarf, hijabtudungkerudung,
jilbab though these words have different meaning
healthysihatsehat
herbherbajamu often understood as traditional potion made from rhizomes, also means 'guest' ('tamu') and 'treat the guest' ('menjamu').,
herbal
hexadecimalperenambelasanheksadesimal
hospitalhospitalrumah sakit influenced by Dutch ziekenhuis ('house of the sick') – This term is still used in Brunei, but in Malaysia, 'hospital' has replaced the term completely since the 1960s.
HungaryHungaryHungaria,
Hongaria substandard, influenced by Dutch Hongarije
hybrid (biology)kacukan
hibrid
hibrida
Isaya,
aku
saya,
aku,
gue/gua (slang; from Chinese dialects 'ua')
iceaises
IcelandIcelandIslandia
imagecitra,
imej (of reputation), gambar (pictorial image)
citra (of reputation),
gambar (pictorial image)
imaginationimaginasiimajinasi,
khayalan
immigrationimigresenimigrasi from Dutch immigratie
importimportimpor
impotencemati pucuk,
impotensi,
lemah syahwat
impotensi from Dutch impotentie,
lemah syahwat colloquial
impotentkemandulanimpotensi,
kemandulan
incinerationpenunuaninsinerasi
Indian OceanLautan HindiSamudra Hindia
inductorperaruh, induktor (rare)induktor
informationmaklumatinformasi, from Dutch informatie, penerangan rare
injection (noun)suntikansuntikan,
injeksi
inkdakwat from Arabictinta from Dutch tinte,
dawat (archaic)
installment (payment)ansuranangsuran,
cicilan
instantsegera (means 'soon' in Indonesia)seketika,
instan
insuranceinsuransasuransi from Dutch assurantie
intelligence(spying) risikan (means 'secret investigation' in Indonesia)intelijen, tilik sandi
internationalantarabangsainternasional, mancanegara from Javanese meaning: foreign land)
internet cafékafe internet,
kafe cyber
warnet an acronym for 'WARung interNET' (literally: internet shop)
interventioncampur tangan,
intervensi
campur tangan,
intervensi
introspectionkaji diri,
introspeksi (rare)
introspeksi,
mawas diri
invasionpenyerangan,
penjajahan (means colonialism in Indonesian),
invasi
invasi
investmentpelaburaninvestasi,
penanaman modal
IraqIraqIrak
IrelandIrelandIrlandia
irrigationpengairanirigasi,
pengairan
ItalyItaliItalia from Italian
JapanJepun from Chinese dialectJepang,
Jepun (archaic)
Jordan (country)JordanYordania from Dutch Jordanië
journalistwartawanwartawan,
jurnalis
JulyJulaiJuli from Dutch juli
JuneJunJuni from Dutch juni
ketchupkicap (Indonesian equivalent, kecap, means soy sauce.)saus tomat from French sauce tomate
lanelorong (mean alley in Indonesian)lajur
lawyerpeguamadvokat from Dutch advocaat,
pengacara (means 'master of ceremony' in Malay.)
LebanonLubnan from ArabicLebanon,
Libanon influenced by Dutch
legislativeperundangan (In Indonesian, it means legislation.), legislatiflegislatif
liabilityliabilitikewajiban
licencelesenizin,
lisensi from Dutch licentie
lieutenantleftenan (influenced by British English pronunciation)letnan
lift, elevatorliflift
liquidity (economy)kecairanlikuiditas
LisbonLisbonLisboa from Portuguese, Lisabon influenced by Dutch Lissabon
listsenaraidaftar,
senarailess common
localtempatanlokal,
setempat
LuxembourgLuxembourgLuksemburg influenced by Dutch/German Luxemburg
MacauMacauMakau
Macedonia, Republic ofRepublik MacedoniaRepublik Makedonia
magistratemajistrethakim from Arabic حَكِم – used in Malaysian to refer to judges, magistrat less common
MaldivesMaldivesMaladewa
malelelaki,
laki-laki,
jantan (for animals, depending on the context, it can mean masculine or used as a derogatory term on men)
laki-laki,
pria,
lelaki,
jantan (on animals, used on men to describe masculinity)
malfunctionkerosakan,
malfungsi,
pincang tugas
kerusakan,
malafungsi
malpracticepenyelewengan (mean 'misappropriation' in Indonesian)malapraktik
managementpengurusanmanajemen,
pengurusan (rare)
managerpengurusmanajer,
pengurus
manufacturingpengilanganmanufaktur
March (month)MacMaret influenced by Dutch maart
massjisimmassa
mathematicsmatematik,
ilmu hisab
matematika,
ilmu hitung,
ilmu hisab only used in Islamic text book
matterjirimmateri
mattresstilamkasur,
matras,
tilam
mean (verb)berertiberarti
mediationpengantaraan (In Indonesian, it means 'broking')mediasi
medicineubatobat
memory cardkad ingatan/kad memorikartu memori
mental arithmeticcongakaritmetika cepat,
congak
MexicoMexicoMeksiko
milebatu (mean 'stone' in Indonesian)mil
militarytentera,
ketenteraan,
militari
militer (from French militaire through Dutch militair),
kemiliteran,
ketentaraan
minibusbas minibis mini,
minibus
minuteminitmenit
mobile phone, cellphonetelefon bimbittelepon seluler (ponsel),
telepon genggam
MonacoMonacoMonako
MondayIsninSenin
moneywang, duituang,
duit (colloquial)
MoroccoMaghribi from ArabicMaroko
mortgagegadai janjihipotek from Dutch hypotheek,
gadai
MoscowMoscowMoskwa, Moskow
motorcyclemotosikalsepeda motor lit. 'motorized bicycle' – influenced by Dutch motorfiets, motor (informal)
MozambiqueMozambiqueMozambik
Mrs.PuanIbu, Nyonya (Ny.)
musicmuzikmusik
nakedbogel, telanjangtelanjang, bugil (colloquial)
naturalsemulajadialami,
natural
navigationpandu arah,
navigasi
navigasi
navytentera lautangkatan laut
negotiationperundinganperundingan,
negosiasi
networkrangkaian (means circuit in Indonesian)jaringan, jejaring
New ZealandNew ZealandSelandia Baru
newspapersurat khabar coined from two Arabic words: ṣūrat – صورة / صورت (form, appearance) and khabar خبر (news)surat kabar (more formal – lit. news letter),
koran (from French courant through Dutch, become Krant in modern Dutch, but Koerant in Afrikaans)
NicosiaNicosiaNikosia
nilnilnol from Dutch nul
noisybising,
kecoh in Indonesian means 'disturb' or 'distract',
memekak
berisik,
ribut,
ramai,
bising
NorwayNorwayNorwegia
numbernomborangka,
nomor – nomer substandard spelling from Dutch/German nummer
nursejururawatperawat,
suster from Dutch zuster, only for female nurse
oceanlautansamudra,
lautan rarely used in formal situation
OceaniaOceaniaOseania
octalperlapananoktal
officepejabatkantor (from Dutch kantoor)
officerpegawai,
kaki tangan (a negative connotation usually means accomplice in criminal activity in Indonesian)
pejabat
official (adj.)rasmi (from Arabo-Persian rasmi رَسمِي)resmi (also from rasmi)
OlympicOlimpikOlimpiade
oppositionpembangkang(mean 'defiance' in Indonesian)oposisi
optionpilihan, opsyen (rare)pilihan,
opsi
orange (colour)jingga,
oren
jingga,
oranye (from Dutch oranje)
orange (fruit)oren,
limau
jeruk,
limau
order (instruction)order,
perintah
perintah
organizationpertubuhan,
organisasi
organisasi
oscillationayunanosilasi,
ayunan
ovenketuharoven
Pacific OceanLautan Pasifik,
Lautan Teduh
Samudra Pasifik
PalestinePalestinPalestina
papaya (fruit)(buah) betik(buah) pepaya
Papua New GuineaPapua New GuineaPapua Nugini
parallelselariparalel
parliamentparlimenparlemen (from Franco-Dutch parlement)
party (political)partipartai (from Dutch partij)
passportpasportpaspor
patientpesakit
In Indonesian, this means convict
pasien
patrolrondapatroli (for police and military) (from Dutch patrolie),
ronda (for civilian)
pavement, sidewalkjalan pinggir,
jalur jalan untuk pejalan kaki,
laluan jalan kaki,
kaki lima (In Indonesia, it is used in pedagang kaki lima (street vendor).)
trotoar (from Franco-Dutch trottoir)
peniszakar from Arabic ذَكَر 'male'- this word is extremely vulgar in Indonesian, 'buah zakar' means testicles,
batang lelaki,
konek (slang)
penis(formal), zakarfrom Arabic, less frequent, pelir, alat kelamin laki-laki(euphemism),
kemaluan lelaki(euphemism),
burung (vulgar),
titit (children's slang like 'pee-pee'),
kontol (slang, extremely vulgar)
percentperatuspersen,
perseratus(less common, usually used when compared per mille)
perfumeharuman,
minyak wangi
parfum from Dutch,
minyak wangi
periodicberkalaberkala,
periodik
PersiaParsiPersia
pharmacyfarmasiapotek (from Dutch apotheek),
farmasi (usually for medicine manufacturers)
photographgambar (In Indonesian, it means 'picture' or 'figure'.),
foto
foto (literally means photo)
potret
physicsfizik (Indonesian equivalent term, fisik, is used for term physical, e.g. aktivitas fisik (physical activity).)fisika
pickpocketnounpenyeluk sakucopet (contraction of colong dompet- wallet thief),
pencopet
pig, swinekhinzir from Arabic خِنْزِير(khin-zeer)babi
pipepaippipa
pirate (maritime)lanunbajak laut,
perompak (perompak in Malay, means 'robber'),
lanun(archaic)
platform (train)platformperon from Dutch perron
PolandPolandPolandia
policepolis (mean 'insurance policy' (polis asuransi) in Indonesian)polisi from Dutch politie
pollutionpencemaranpencemaran,
polusi
portionsebahagianporsi,
sebagian (a portion of..)
post codeposkodkode pos
potentialkeupayaanpotensial,
daya berkemampuan
PraguePraguePraha (also used in Malay)
prayer (Islam)solat, sembahyangsalat(standard),
shalat,
sholat (from Arabic, 'sh' is usually pronounced as 's'),
sembahyang
prayer room (Islam)surausurau,
musala,
mushollah (from Arabic, 'sh' is usually pronounced as 's')
precipitation (meteorology)kerpasancurah hujan,
presipitasi
predictionramalanprediksi,
ramalan,
prakiraan (not perkiraanestimation)
pregnantmengandung,
hamil (formal, from Arabic حَامِل),
berbadan dua lit. 'two bodied',
bunting for animals
mengandung (formal),
hamil (colloquial),
berbadan dua(poetic),
bunting (informal)
prematurepramatangprematur,
dini
PreparationPenyediaanPersiapan
prepositionkata sendi namapreposisi,
kata depan
pressmedia massa,
surat khabar (see above)
pers (from Dutch),
media massa
Private Limited CompanySendirian Berhad
abbreviated as Sdn Bhd (suffix), 'sendirian' alone means 'alone'
Perseroan Terbatas
abbreviated as PT (prefix)
privatizationpenswastaanprivatisasi,
swastanisasi,
penswastaan
producerprodusenprodusen,
penghasil
productkeluaranproduk (from English and Dutch product), hasil, keluaran more specific term for outcome
programming (computer)pemrogramanpemrograman
property (?)hartaproperti
propulsionperejanganpropulsi,
pendorong,
penggerak
prostitutepelacur,
perempuan sundal (vulgar)
pelacur,
Wanita Tuna Susila (WTS) (Sanskrit, pronounced 'way-tay-es', i.e. 'moral-less women'),
Pekerja Seks Komersial (PSK) (formal, pronounced 'pay-es-ka' (commercial sex workers)),
perek (slang)
prostitutionpelacuranprostitusi,
pelacuran
provincewilayah (used in Indonesian to mean 'area'), daerah (used in Indonesian to mean 'area')provinsi (from Dutch provincie)
publicationpenerbitanpenerbitan,
publikasi,
terbitan
pulsedenyutdenyut,
pulsa
push, to (door)tolak (It used as in tolak peluru (shot put) in Indonesian for this contex, used less primarily in Indonesian to mean 'subtract', it also means 'to refuse/reject', also common meaning in Malay when used in arithmetics)dorong (means 'to push' in Malay, but often used to mean 'to support')
queue (line)barisan (mean line 'formation' in Indonesian)antre
rabbitarnab (from Arabic) kelinci
Random-Access Memory (RAM)Ingatan Capaian RawakMemori Akses Acak
raperogolperkosa
raspberryrasberiframbus, frambosen (from Dutch framboos)
rationisbahrasio,
nisbah,
perbandingan
Read-Only Memory (ROM)Ingatan Baca SahajaMemori Hanya Baca
real estatehartanahrealestat,
properti tanah
receiptresit, penerimaankuitansi, kwitansi (substandard, from Dutch kwitantie),
resi,
bon from Dutch,
struk
recession (economy)kemelesetan (In Indonesian, it means 'mishit')resesi,
kelesuan (ekonomi)
reclamationtebus gunareklamasi
recruitmentpergerakan (In Indonesian, it means 'movement'.),
pengambilan (In Indonesian, it means 'taking'.)
perekrutan,
rekrutmen
refractionpembiasanpembiasan,
refraksi
refrigeratorpeti sejuk lit. cool box (rarely used in Indonesian)lemari es,
lemari pendingin(literally means cooler closet) ,
kulkas (from Dutch koelkast)
religionagama,
ugama (widely used before the 80s)
agama, kepercayaan
renovationpengubahsuaianrenovasi
reproductionpembiakanreproduksi,
pembiakan (also mean breeding)
researchkajian(mean research or investigation result in Indonesian)penelitian,
riset
responsibilitytanggungjawabtanggung jawab, pertanggungjawaban
resistorperintangresistor,
hambatan,
perintang
restaurantkedai makan lit. 'eating shop', restoranrumah makan lit. 'eating house',
warung makan lit. 'eating café', restoran
retailingperuncitanritel,
eceran
ring (mathematics)gelanggangring,
gelanggang
robrompak (Indonesian for 'to commit piracy')rampok,
rampas
RomeRomRoma
roombilik (usually used to mean 'compartment' in Indonesian)kamar (from Dutch kamer),
ruang (Javanese, for storage areas etc.)
roundabout (traffic)bulatan
e.g. Bulatan DBP in Kuala Lumpur
pusing keliling (in Brunei)
bundaran
e.g. Bundaran HI in Jakarta
routingpenghalaanpenghalaan
royaldirajakerajaan (in Malaysia and Brunei means 'kingdom' or 'government')
rubbergetah may also mean gum or sap or resin in both languages, also figure of speech for 'cause of bad deed'karet
rumourkhabar angin,
desas-desus
rumor,
desas-desus,
kabar angin,
kabar burung
saltymasinasin,
masin (rare)
SanskritSanskritSanskerta
saucesossaus
sausagesosejsosis (from Dutch saucijs)
scenariosenarioskenario
school (Islamic)sekolah pondokmadrasah,
pesantren,
pondok pesantren
sciencesainsilmu (from Arabic 'ilm) (alam), sains (especially for 'natural science')
ScotlandScotlandSkotlandia
secretrahsiarahasia
secretarysetiausaha Indonesian lit. 'loyal to work'sekretaris (from Dutch secretaris)
sectionseksyen,
bahagian
seksi (from Dutch sectie),
bagian
sensorpenderia,
pengesan,
sensor
sensor
server (computing)pelayanserver, peladen
sessionsesyen,
sesi
sesi (from Dutch sessie)
sewersaluran najis 'najis' means dirty in both languages,
saluran kumbahan
selokan,
parit (means 'ditch' in Malay),
got,
saluran air/pembuangan
sexagesimalperenampuluhanseksagesimal
shampoosyampu (from Anglo-Indian / Hindustani chāmpo, the imperative form of (Hindi) चाँप्ना chāmpnā 'to smear, knead the muscles, massage')sampo
share (verb)berkongsi (In Indonesian, it means 'creating trading company' or 'ploting something bad'.)berbagi
shirtbaju (also in Indonesian but more generally refers to clothes)kaos, kemeja (from Portuguese camisa, implies collared shirt)
shoekasut generalized term for any footwear in Indonesian, but usually related to sandals or ancient shoes., sepatusepatu (understood but less frequently used in Malaysia, from Portuguese sapato)
shopkedai (Means eateries stall in Indonesia)toko, warung, kedai
shopping mallpusat beli-belahmal,
pusat perbelanjaan
site (internet)
tapak (mean foundation (building) or footprint in Indonesia)
situs
SlovakiaSlovakiaSlowakia
snowsalji (from Arabic thalj)salju (also from thalj)
sodomyliwat (from Arabic) sodomi,
liwat (only used in Islamic text book)
solarsolar, suria (from Sanskrit 'surya') surya
solutionpenyelesaian;
solusi (rare)
solusi,
pemecahan,
penyelesaian
sourmasamasam,
masam (poetic, usually used in connotative expression: bermuka masam: sour faced (unsatisfied/unhappy expression))
soya beanskacang soya(kacang) kedelai
SpainSepanyolSpanyol
speak/talkberbicara,
bercakap (means 'to chat' in Indonesian),
bersembang,
berborak
berbicara, ngomong (Javanese ngoko, colloquial)
specialistperubatan,
pakar
spesialis (in case of specialist doctor), pakar in general, it means expert
spoonsudusendok
sportsukanolahraga (means 'athletics' Malay, from Sanskrit, lit. 'to train the body')
spousepasangan suami-isteri,
kelamin colloquial, in Indonesian means 'sex' or 'gender'
pasangan (suami-istri),
suami-istri (husband-wife)
stabilitykestabilanstabilitas,
kestabilan
stadiumstadiumstadion,
stadiun from Dutch
staffkakitangan (phrase 'kaki tangan' mean subordinate with negative image in Indonesian)staf,
personil from Dutch personeel,
pegawai
stampsetemperangko
standardpiawai, standardstandar
patokan
starfishtapak Sulaimanbintang laut
state (within a federation)negerinegara bagian
stationstesenstasiun (formerly spelled 'setasiun')
steering wheelroda sterengroda setir from Dutch stuur
stop (verb)berhentiberhenti,
henti,
stop
strawberrystrawberistroberi,
arbei from Dutch aardbei
stupidbodoh, bengap, tolol, bangang, bongok (slang)bodoh, dungu, tolol, goblok (slang), very demeaning in Malay, geblek (slang), bego (slang)
sublimation(phase transition)pemejalwapansublimasi, penyubliman
SundayAhadMinggu from Portuguese Domingo which means Lord's Day,
Ahad(only used in Islamic calendar
sunglassescermin mata gelap (In Indonesia, cermin means 'mirror'.)kacamata hitam (lit. black glasses),
kacamata riben (from American brand of sunglasses 'Ray-Ban')
supermarketpasar rayasupermarket,
pasar swalayan(literally mean self-service market)
supervisionpenyeliaanpengawasan,
penyeliaan,
supervisi
surveytinjauan (mean process or result of observation in Indonesian), kaji selidiksurvei
suspend (hang)menggantung (it means 'hang' in Indonesian)menangguhkan (also 'adjourn' in Malay)
SwedenSwedenSwedia
SwitzerlandSwitzerlandSwiss
SyriaSyriaSuriah (from Arabic)
table(set of facts or figures)jadual (Indonesian equivalent, jadwal, means 'schedule'.)tabel
tankkereta kebaltank
tap waterair paip (piped water)air keran (from Dutch Kraan),
air ledeng ('ledeng' also means 'plumbing', from Dutch 'leiding')
tapiocaubi kayu as in Indonesian, understood as the tuber cassava itself(tepung) tapioka,
tepung singkong
taxiteksitaksi
teachercikgu, guruguru
teacher (religious, Islam)ustaz,
ustad (ultimately from Persian اُستَاذ),
ustadzah female
ustad,
ustadzah
teampasukan used in Indonesian to refer to squad (military)tim
telephonetelefon (formerly talipon)telepon
televisiontelevisyen, TVtelevisi (from Dutch televisie) , TV
terroristpengganas (means rioter' in Indonesian)teroris
terrorismpengganasanterorisme
testiclesbuah zakar, testis, buah keranjuttestis, biji kemaluan, buah zakar (slang, vulgar), kanjut (slang, vulgar)
ThailandNegara Thai, Siam, ThailandThailand, Siam, Muangthai used in old scripts
The HagueThe HagueDen Haag (from Dutch)
tickettikettiket, karcis (from Dutch kaartje. Usually refers to small-size ticket)
timemasa,
waktu
waktu from Arabic الوقت (al-Waqt),
masa (can be used for 'at a specific long period of time' in Indonesian)
tire (US)/tyre (UK)tayarban (from Dutch [auto]band)
tofutauhutahu, tofu
toiletbilik air, tandastoilet, kamar kecil, WC (pronounced 'we-se') for watercloset
tornadoputing beliungputing beliung, angin puyuh, tornado
toothpasteubat gigipasta gigi, odol
toweltuala (from Portuguese toalha) handuk (from Dutch handdoek)
traffic jamkesesakan lalulintas, jam (slang)kemacetan, macet
traffic lightlampu isyarat (In Indonesian, isyarat means sign.)lampu lalu-lintas
trainkereta api, trenkereta (api)
transport,
transportation
pengangkutantransportasi,
pengangkutan,
perhubungan (in case of Ministry of Transportation)
transsexualpondan,
bapok (slang), transseksual
transseksual,
waria (polite) a shortened form of wanita-pria, bencong, banci
treepokok in Indonesian means 'principal' or 'core' or 'staple', in Sundanesepoko means authentic, e.g. authentic cuisine, pohonpohon
trillion (1012)triliontrilyun, triliun (from Dutch pronunciation; starting with 1012, Indonesian uses the short scale.)
trycubacoba
turkey (bird)ayam belanda(ayam) kalkun (from Dutch kalkoen)
turnpusing (means 'to spin' in Indonesian, commonly used to mean dizzy as a short form of kepala pusing), belokbelok,
putar
uglyhodoh, teruk, burukjelek, buruk
UkraineUkraineUkraina
unclepakcikpaman,
oom, om (derived from Dutch, pronounced and sometimes spelt as oom)
unionkesatuan (in Indonesian means 'unitary')persatuan,
uni,
serikat
United Arab EmiratesEmiriah Arab BersatuUni Emirat Arab
United KingdomUnited KingdomInggris Raya
United NationsPertubuhan Bangsa-Bangsa BersatuPerserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa
United States of America (USA)
United States (US)
Amerika SyarikatAmerika Serikat (AS)
universityuniversitiuniversitas
untilsehingga (mean thus in Indonesian),
sampai
hingga,
sampai
vaginafaraj (from Arabic, in Indonesian means 'vulva'), pepek/pepet (slang)alat kelamin wanita, liang peranakan, vagina, farji, memek (slang, vulgar), pepek (slang, vulgar)
variable (mathematics)pemboleh ubahvariabel,
peubah
Vatican CityVatican City(Kota) Vatikan
VeniceVeniceVenesia (influenced by Dutch Venetië )
verbkata kerjakata kerja (influenced by Dutch werkwoord, literally 'work word'),
verba
verificationpengesahan (mean 'validation' in Indonesian)verifikasi
verysangat, amat, sekalisangat, amat, sekali, banget (from Javanese ngoko)
vice (deputy)naibwakil, naib (less common)
victimmangsa in Indonesian means 'prey'korban
ViennaViennaWina (influenced by Dutch Wenen)
violet (colour)lembayungviolet,
ungu,
lembayung (rarely used)
virgin(anak) dara, (anak) gadis, perawanperawan (formal), gadis, (anak) dara
viscositykelikatanviskositas,
kekentalan
visitlawatan, pelanconganwisata,
kunjungan,
pelancongan, lawatan (to foreign country, sick person or dead person)
volleyballbola tamparbola voli
volume (math)isi paduvolume,
ruang,
isi
voucherbaucervocer
wantmahumau,
ingin
wardenwarden, penjaga penjarasipir (penjara) (from Dutch cipier)
WarsawWarsawWarsawa
websitelaman web, laman sesawangsitus web,
laman web
weekendhujung mingguakhir pekan,
akhir minggu
well (water hole)perigisumur,
perigi (rarely used)
wheelchairkerusi rodakursi roda
whenbila, apabila, ketika, bilamana (rarely used)kapan, bilamana, (question word)
bila, ketika
windowtingkap, jendelajendela (from Portuguese janela),
tingkap (less common)
windscreen, windshieldcermin keretakaca depan (mobil)
wiredawai,
wayar
kawat (e.g. copper wire),
kabel (e.g. electrical wire, cable)
youanda (very formal), awak, kamu, engkau, kauanda (everyday formal), kamu (familiar only), engkau ('kau) (prose), elu/loe (very vulgar Betawi slang, influenced by Chinese dialect leu)
zerosifarnol from Dutch nul
zipper (fastener)zipresleting from Dutch ritssluiting
zonezondaerah,
zona
zoozoo,
taman haiwan (kebun binatang was also frequently used in Malaysia before the mid-1960s)
kebun binatang (derived from Dutch dierentuin, literally 'animal garden'),
taman margasatwa (more formal form for zoological park)

False friends[edit]

Besides vocabulary differences, there are also a number of false friends in both languages. As these words are in quite common use in either or both of the languages, misunderstandings can arise.

WordMalaysian meaningIndonesian meaning
ahlia member (of a group)
(when the word is used by itself) (from Arabo-Persian 'ahli' اهلی 'belonging to a group, people, indigenous or sim.'),
expert in a field (from Arabo-Persian 'aqli' عقلی 'belonging to the intellect or mind, intellectual')
expert in a specific field
akta (from Latino-Dutch acta)act (= law)act (= written legal document)
awakyou(casual)me / I (Used by speakers from Sumatra mainly Malays, people in Medan, etc),
crew (of transportation)
bajafertilizersteel
Malay: besi waja
bancicensus (Indonesian: sensus)effeminate, transvestite homosexual (negative connotation)
bandarcityport
bangunto develop/ wake up (from sleep)to build / wake up (from sleep)
bapaFather (male parent)specific to 'Father' (God) in religious context (Christianity)
our Father which art in Heaven = Bapa kami yang di surga
Father in Indonesian is bapak (with an additional 'k' letter')
belanjato treat, giving something for freeto shop (note: also carries this meaning in Malay, though in a context more akin to 'spend'.)
berbagito giveto share (something)
berbualto chatto tell a lie
bercintain (the essence of) loveto make love, have sexual intercourse
beredarFrom the root word 'edar' which can means; to oscillate (planets only), to leave, or to distributeto oscillate, to distribute
berlakuhappen, occurapply
bijiseedseed, testicles ('balls', offensive)
bilawhenif, when (older version, almost obsolete)
binato buildto develop
bisavenomcan/be able to (also understood but less frequently used in Malay) (same as 'boleh' in Malay), venom
bontot/buntutbuttocktail ('ekor' as commonly used in Malay, sometimes in Indonesia)
budakkid
Indonesian:anak or bocah
slave
butoh/butuhmale genitals, an offensive referenceneed
cadangansuggestion, opinion, proposal (example: peti cadangan = suggestion box)
Indonesian:saran
reserve, spare (example: ban cadangan = spare tire)
comelcute, pretty(to call) someone who can not keep a secret (example: mulutnya comel= her mouth can't keep a secret)
daripadaA preposition that carries 5 meanings; 1. from (to explain the origin of something) 2.than (to do comparison) 3.from (to protect from, to avoid from ) 4. from (to state the sender of something) 5. from (to state the differences)than (comparison)(example: Kamus ini lebih baik daripada yang itu= This dictionary is better than that one)
detikjiffysecond
doktordoctor (medical); doctorate (educational title)doctorate (educational title)
In Indonesian, the equivalent for medical doctor is dokter
dudukto sit, a place to live on (only used informally)to sit, to occupy
emailelectronic mail (recently changed to 'emel')enamel
gampangbastard
from 'anak gampang' lit. easy child.
easy (non-negative meaning)
getahrubber, plant sapplant sap
hematmoral excellencefrugal, pennywise, save money or something e.g. electricity, gas or water usage
jabatandepartmentposition
jawatanpositiondepartment
jemputto invite, to pick upto pick up
jerukpickles/preserved fruits or vegetablesorange (fruit)
jimatfrugal, pennywise, save money or something e.g. electricityamulet (the Malay equivalent is azimat)
kacakhandsomeber-kacak pinggang (stands with hands on your hips)
The Malay equivalent is bercekak-pinggang, a phrase to mean that a person is being bossy
kadarratecontent, level
kakakelder sisterelder sibling (either elder brother or sister)
kakitanganemployeesubordinate (with negative meaning)
kapanor kafan: Muslim burial shroud (kain kafan/kapan)when (kapan mau pulang?= when do you want to go home?)
karyawork of art (karyawan=artists)to work (karyawan= workers)
result of work Karya seni=work of art
to create a piece of art.
kerajaangovernment
(historical association, most Malay states were governed by monarchs, from Raja = King, now refers to any kind of government)
kingdom
keranjang'bola keranjang' = basketball (no other use than for basketball)basket
keretacarvehicle, carriage, cart (kereta api = train, kereta kuda = horse carriage/cart, kereta gantung = cable car)
kesalregret Indonesian:sesalannoyed
khidmatservice Indonesian:layananfully concentrate
koneksi'konek' = dick (slang/vulgar)connection
Malay: Sambungan
konfeksiA soft solid made by incorporating a medicinal substance or substances with sugar, sirup, or honeyclothing industry, any fancy or luxurious women's clothes
(Dutch: confectie. A non-standard spelling sometimes used is: 'konveksi')
kuruncenturya long (time)
lucufunnyfunny, cute (slang)
mangsavictimprey for animal
mengacauto disturb, to stir Indonesian: mengaduk to disturb
operasimathematic operational symbol, tactical operationmathematic operational symbol, police operation, operation/surgery (as in Dutch)
pajakto mortgage, pawntax
paketpacketpacket, package (normally used for promotion purposes, as in Dutch)
pantasspeedilyappropriate, 'no wonder'
pantatbuttock (Sabahan Malay meaning), vagina/pussy (slang/vulgar)buttock
pelanplan
(associated with architectural work, site map etc. only)
slow (perlahan in Malay)
penyelenggaraanmaintenanceorganizing
pejabatofficehigh-rank officer/officials
(those who hold office, Malay (pegawai))
pembangkangoppositionrebel (noun), insurgent
pemerintahrulergovernment
pengacaraemcee, host
Indonesian: pembawa acara
lawyer (but it has nothing to do with its root word acara which means an event or a TV program in both languages)
pengajianstudies
Indonesian:pelajaran
mass recitation of Qur'an, (Islamic) teaching
penganjurorganizerpromoter
percumafree of charge
percuma can also mean free of charge in Indonesian, but its usage has become obsolete, replaced by cuma-cuma/gratis (taken from Dutch: gratis=free)
useless, not needed
petangafternoonevening
piawaistandard; correct
bahasa piawai = standard language
expert; skillful (on something)
pijatbugs
(software bugs i.e. Year 2000 bug and also commonly referring to the bed bugs)
massage
Javanese pijet
pohontree, to plea or to beg (from basic word: 'mohon') tree
pokoktreeessential, basic, main kebutuhan pokok = essential necessities
polispolice(insurance) policy (as in Dutch)
polisipolicypolice (as in Dutch)
punggungbuttockback Malay: belakang
pupukto nurturefertilizer (also means 'to nurture' in the metaphorical sense of the word)
pusingto go around a place, circular in motion, to spin/rotate
Indonesian: putar
dizzy, confused, headache
puteraprince
Indonesian: Pangeran
son
rambuthair (for head only)hair
rayuanappeal (neutral)flattery, seduction (emotional or sexual connotation)
saatsecondjiffy
sederhanamedium, normalsimple, easy
senangeasyhappy, relax
seronokgood, enjoyablein nonstandard usage: 'impolite', 'pornography-related'[31][32]gambar seronok = porn picture
sulitconfidential, difficultdifficult
tambangfare
Indonesian: tarif
mine, rope (as tali tambang)
tandastoiletto explain, to finish
wakilrepresentativevice (for example, 'vice chancellor' and 'vice president'), representative

Same words, same meaning, but different letter(s)[edit]

MalayIndonesianEnglish
ErtiArtimeaning
BezaBedadifferent
BisnesBisnisbusiness
BasBusbus
JawatanJabatanofficial position
JambatanJembatanbridge
KahakDahaksputum
LocengLoncengbell
NipisTipisthin
RasmiResmiofficial (adj.)
RosakRusakbroken, damaged
SivilSipilcivil
TeksiTaksitaxi
TrakTruktruck, lorry
IaituYaitunamely, e.g.

Aplikasi Sistem Informasi Kepegawaian

Syllabification[edit]

WordMalaysian syllabificationIndonesian syllabification
StartingMu la iMu lai
WeatherCua caCu a ca

The influence of English[edit]

One of the most important aspect in differences between Malaysian and Indonesian is the degree of influence from English. Apart from being heavily influenced by the Dutch language, Indonesian language also adopted a significant number of English loanwords in its vocabulary, although English did not play significant role on the Indonesian language and in fact most of these vocabulary are of Dutch origin – Dutch and English share a similar Germanic origin, and Dutch has also borrowed from Latin, although to a lesser extent than English. There have been many changes in Indonesian as a result of its historical development. Words have been freely borrowed from English and only partly assimilated, in many cases, to the Indonesian patterns of structure.[33]

By the late 1970s, English words began pouring into the language, leading one commentator, writing in 1977, to refer to the 'trend towards Indo-Saxonization',[34] known in Indonesian as pengindosaksonan. A great many borrowings from English sometimes fulfill no communicative need, expressing concepts adequately covered by existing words. Among the examples are: akurat instead of tepat (accurate), aliansi in the place of sekutu (alliance), eksis rather than ada (exist), kandidat as well as calon (candidate), konklusi instead of kesimpulan (conclusion) kontaminasi in the place of pencemaran (contamination), opini rather than pendapat (opinion) and opsi in the place of pilihan (option). Contrary to its Indonesian counterpart, Malay has shown a remarkable resilience, despite formerly being part of British Empire.[35]

Some in Indonesia view this trend of excessive borrowings as 'language dynamism', while some Malaysian[clarification needed]linguists called it mass 'language pollution',[36] and lack of creativity in creating new terms.

Example[edit]

The original text in Indonesian:

[37] Apabila peraturan pakta stabilitas Eropa dihormati sampai ke detailnya, rasio utang publikdibandingproduk domestik bruto pada hari krisis akan berada di posisi 10 persentase poin kurang dalam zona euro, katanya.

The same text rendered in Malaysian:

Apabila peraturan pakatan kestabilan Eropah dihormati secara terperinci, nisbah hutang awamberbandingkeluaran dalam negara kasar pada zaman krisis akan berada di kedudukan 10 mata peratusan kurang dalam zon euro, kata beliau.

English translation:

If the European stability pact rules had been respected in detail, the ratio of public debttogross domestic product on the days of crisis would have been at the position 10 percentage points less in the eurozone, he said.

Convergence of vocabulary[edit]

The rift of evolution between the two languages is based more on political nuance and the history of their formation than on cultural reasons. As a result, views regarding each other's languages differ amongst Malaysians and Indonesians. In Malaysia, the national language is Malaysian; in Indonesia, it is Indonesian. Malaysians tend to assert that Malaysian and Indonesian are merely different varieties of the same language, while Indonesians tend to treat them as separate – albeit closely related – languages. The result of this attitude is that the Indonesians feel little need to synchronize their language with Malaysia, Singapore and Brunei, whereas the Malaysians are keener to coordinate the evolution of the language with the Indonesians.[38] However, both parties have realized that communication benefits from mutually comprehensible and intelligible languages, which motivated efforts to synchronize the languages' development. The effort to synchronize both languages' evolution to increase their mutual intelligibility has been embarked by imposing standard rules of language. This process is headed by Pusat Bahasa[39] on the Indonesian side and Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka as its Malaysian counterpart.

Sample[edit]

The following texts are excerpts from the official translations of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in Malaysian and Indonesian, along with the original declaration in English.

Sistem
  • Malaysian text sample:[40]
Maka dengan ini,
Perhimpunan Agung mengisytiharkan
PERISYTIHARAN SEJAGAT HAK ASASI MANUSIA ini sebagai suatu ukuran bersama terhadap pencapaian oleh seluruh umat manusia dan kesemua negara dengan tujuan supaya setiap individu dan setiap badan masyarakat, dengan sentiasa mengingati Perisytiharan ini, hendaklah berazam melalui pengajaran dan pendidikan bagi memajukan sanjungan terhadap seluruh hak-hak dan kebebasan ini dan secara langkah-langkah berperingkat-peringkat, di bidang negara dan antarabangsa, bagi menjaminkan pengkitirafan dan pematuhan sejagatnya yang berkesan, kedua-duanya di antara negara-negara anggota masing-masing dan rakyat wilayah-wilayah di bawah bidangkuasa mereka.
Perkara 1.
Semua manusia dilahirkan bebas dan samarata dari segi kemuliaan dan hak-hak. Mereka mempunyai pemikiran dan perasaan hati dan hendaklah bertindak di antara satu sama lain dengan semangat persaudaraan.
  • Indonesian text sample:[41]
Maka,
Majelis Umum memproklamasikan
PERNYATAAN UMUM TENTANG HAK ASASI MANUSIA sebagai satu standar umum keberhasilan untuk semua bangsa dan negara, dengan tujuan agar setiap orang dan setiap badan dalam masyarakat dengan senantiasa mengingat Pernyataan ini, akan berusaha dengan jalan mengajar dan mendidik untuk menggalakkan penghargaan terhadap hak-hak dan kebebasan-kebebasan tersebut, dan dengan jalan tindakan-tindakan progresif yang bersifat nasional maupun internasional, menjamin pengakuan dan penghormatannya secara universal dan efektif, baik oleh bangsa-bangsa dari negara anggota sendiri maupun oleh bangsa-bangsa dari daerah-daerah yang berada di bawah kekuasaan hukum mereka.
Pasal 1
Semua orang dilahirkan merdeka dan mempunyai martabat dan hak-hak yang sama. Mereka dikaruniai akal dan hati nurani dan hendaknya bergaul sesama lain dalam semangat persaudaraan.
  • The original English version of the text:[42]
Now, therefore,
the General Assembly proclaims
this UNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS as a common standard of achievement for all peoples and all nations, to the end that every individual and every organ of society, keeping this Declaration constantly in mind, shall strive by teaching and education to promote respect for these rights and freedoms and by progressive measures, national and international, to secure their universal and effective recognition and observance, both among the peoples of Member States themselves and among the peoples of territories under their jurisdiction.
Article 1
All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.

References[edit]

  1. ^Adelaar, K. Alexander; Himmelmann, Nikolaus (7 March 2013). The Austronesian Languages of Asia and Madagascar. Routledge. ISBN9781136755095.
  2. ^Clark, Marshall; Pietsch, Juliet (26 March 2014). Indonesia-Malaysia Relations: Cultural Heritage, Politics and Labour Migration. Routledge. ISBN9781317808886.
  3. ^Ahmad, Ibrahim (2011). Kesenjangan leksikal bahasa Melayu Malaysia dan bahasa Indonesia (in Malay). Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka. ISBN9789834605209.
  4. ^Hafriza Burhanudeen; Nor Zakiah Abdul Hamid; Norsimah Mat Awal; Mohd Azlan Mis. 'The Reality of Bahasa Melayu and Bahasa Indonesia in Academia'(PDF). Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia. The International Journal of Language Society and Culture. Archived from the original(PDF) on 26 July 2008. Retrieved 9 July 2012.
  5. ^Teeuw, A. (17 April 2013). A Critical Survey of Studies on Malay and Bahasa Indonesia: Bibliographical. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN9789401187886.
  6. ^Makihara, Miki; Schieffelin, Bambi B. (27 September 2007). Consequences of Contact: Language Ideologies and Sociocultural Transformations in Pacific Societies. Oxford University Press. ISBN9780190295936.
  7. ^Fairy Mahzan. 'The Wonderful World of Subtitling'. MyIndo.com. Retrieved 9 July 2012.
  8. ^'Hore, MNCTV Tayangkan Film Terbaru Upin Ipin'. SINDOnews.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 14 February 2018.
  9. ^DiPiazza, Francesca (1 January 2006). Malaysia in Pictures. Twenty-First Century Books. ISBN9780822526742.
  10. ^M.H.;, Wahyudi, S. Kep , Ns; M.Pd, Bivit Anggoro Prasetyo Nugroho, S. Pd; M.Pd, Dra Isnaeni Praptanti. Bahasa Indonesia Kesehatan (in Indonesian). Penerbit Andi. ISBN9789792963014.
  11. ^World and Its Peoples: Eastern and Southern Asia. Marshall Cavendish. 2007. ISBN9780761476436.
  12. ^Simpson, Andrew (30 August 2007). Language and National Identity in Asia. OUP Oxford. ISBN9780191533082.
  13. ^Bertacco, Simona (17 December 2013). Language and Translation in Postcolonial Literatures: Multilingual Contexts, Translational Texts. Routledge. ISBN9781135136390.
  14. ^Bahasa Melayu becomes Bahasa Malaysia again, Lim Kit Siang, 6 June 2007
  15. ^Dasgupta, Jyotirindra (1970). Language Conflict and National Development: Group Politics and National Language Policy in India. University of California Press. ISBN9780520015906.
  16. ^Perambahan: A unique feature of Brunei Malay, Brunei Times, 4 August 2010
  17. ^Kaplan, R. B.; Jr, Richard B. Baldauf (14 March 2013). Language and Language-in-Education Planning in the Pacific Basin. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN9789401701457.
  18. ^'malay regional language indonesia – Google Search'. google.co.id. Retrieved 14 February 2018.
  19. ^PELBBA 17: Pertemuan Linguistik Pusat Kajian Bahasa dan Budaya Atma Jaya Ketujuh Belas (in Indonesian). Yayasan Obor Indonesia. 2004. ISBN9789794615270.
  20. ^Indonesia, Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan. Masyarakat Indonesia (in Indonesian). Yayasan Obor Indonesia.
  21. ^Spelling and Society: The Culture and Politics of Orthography Around the World, Mark Sebba, Cambridge University Press, 2007
  22. ^The Indonesian Language: Its History and Role in Modern Society, James N. Sneddon, UNSW Press, 2003
  23. ^Genetti, Carol (23 January 2014). How Languages Work: An Introduction to Language and Linguistics. Cambridge University Press. ISBN9780521767446.
  24. ^ abJones, Russell. Loan-Words in Indonesian and Malay. Yayasan Pustaka Obor Indonesia. ISBN9786024331740.
  25. ^Istri Djoko Disebut Beli Rumah Rp 7,1 Miliar, Kompas, 14 June 2013
  26. ^58 IBO berpotensi jana RM1.9b, Utusan Melayu, 6 June 2013
  27. ^Kluge, Angela (8 July 2016). A grammar of Papuan Malay. Language Science Press. ISBN9783944675862.
  28. ^Velupillai, Viveka (15 April 2015). Pidgins, Creoles and Mixed Languages: An Introduction. John Benjamins Publishing Company. ISBN9789027268846.
  29. ^Ammon, Ulrich; Hellinger, Marlis (1992). Status Change of Languages. Walter de Gruyter. ISBN9783110126686.
  30. ^Salleh, Editor Muhammad Haji (27 August 2015). Early History of Penang (Penerbit USM). Penerbit USM. ISBN9789838616577.CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list (link)
  31. ^Balai Bahasa Jawa Tengah
  32. ^Hasil Pencarian – KBBI Daring
  33. ^Roderick Ross Macdonald (1976). Indonesian reference grammar. Georgetown, USA: Georgetown University Press. p. 2. ISBN9780878401635.
  34. ^The Indonesian Quarterly, Yayasan Proklamasi, Centre for Strategic and International Studies, 1977 Volume 5, Issues 1–3, page 76
  35. ^Seong Chee Tham (1991). A Study of the Evolution of the Malay Language: Social Change and Cognitive Development. Singapore: Singapore University Press. p. 14. ISBN978-9971691363.
  36. ^'Bahasa Melayu dan Bahasa Indonesia'(PDF). Berita Harian. 19 March 2008. Retrieved 9 February 2011.
  37. ^Antara News – Draghi: Krisis Zona Euro Berisiko 'Sistemik'
  38. ^Who is Malay?, July 2005
  39. ^due to several reorganization in current cabinet, the Indonesian Language Regulator is Badan Pengembangan dan Pembinaan Bahasa, Kementerian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan, Republik Indonesia
  40. ^From
  41. ^From
  42. ^From

External links[edit]

  • The Malay Spelling Reform, Asmah Haji Omar, (Journal of the Simplified Spelling Society, 1989-2 pp. 9–13 later designated J11)
  • The MALAY LANGUAGE in MALAYSIA and INDONESIA: from lingua franca to national language Asmah Haji Omar article in The Asianists' ASIA
  • Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia. 2008. Pusat Bahasa, Departemen Pendidikan Nasional
  • Senarai komprehensif perbezaan ejaan Malaysia dan ejaan Indonesia, Hiroki Nomoto, Nahoko Yamashita, Ayano Osaka (orthographic differences between Standard Malay and Indonesian)
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