Henriques De Figueiredo, B.; Barret, O.; Allard, M.; Fernandez, P. [Service de medecine nucleaire, CHU de Pellegrin, Bordeaux, (France); Demeaux, H.; Maire, J.P.; Lagarde, P. [service de radiotherapie, hopital Saint-Andre, Bordeaux, (France); Kantor, G.; Richau, P. [departement de radiotherapie, institut Bergonie, Bordeaux, (France); De Mones Del Pujol, E. [service d' ORL, hopital Pellegrin, Bordeaux, (France)

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The objective is to study in a prospective way, in the frame of head and neck cancers, the impact of the positron computed tomography with {sup 18}F fluorodeoxyglucose (PET-F.D.G.) on the limitation of target volumes in radiotherapy. In conclusions, the gross tumor volume (G.T.V.) defined on PET is smaller than this one defined on scanner, that could be interesting in radiotherapy, in the perspective of a dose escalation. In addition, areas of discordance exist between the clinical target volumes (C.T.V.70 and C.T.V.50) defined on PET and on scanner. These discordances, synonyms of under or over estimation of target volumes, could have important clinical consequences in term of local control and toxicity. (N.C.)

Malaysian and Indonesian are two standardised registers of the Malay language, used in Malaysia and Indonesia, respectively. Both varieties are generally mutually intelligible, yet there are noticeable differences in spelling, grammar, pronunciation and vocabulary, as well as the predominant source of loanwords.^[1][2][3] The differences can range from those mutually unintelligible with one another, to those having a closer familial resemblance. The regionalised and localised varieties of Malay can become a catalyst for intercultural conflict, especially in higher education.^[4][5][6]

• 4Vocabulary
• 6The influence of English

Perception[edit]

To non-native speakers the two varieties may seem identical, but to native speakers the differences are noticeable through both diction and accent. They affect the broadcasting industry with regard to foreign language subtitling, for example, in DVD movies and on cable TV. In order to reach a wider audience, both Indonesian and Malay subtitles are sometimes displayed in a movie, along with other language subtitles. Another example is Malaysian TV providing Malay subtitling on Indonesian sinetrons (TV dramas) aired in Malaysia,^[7] and vice versa.^[8]

The Malay language in Indonesia and Malaysia also differs in recognition, where in Malaysia it enjoys status as the national language (Malaysian language),^[9] while in Indonesia it is considered as a regional language in Malay-speaking areas such as the eastern coast of Sumatra and West Kalimantan.^[10][11] The term 'Malay language' (Bahasa Melayu) in Indonesia and Malaysia invites different perceptions from its respective people.^[12] To Malaysians, the Malay language is generally understood as the national language of Malaysia, with Malaysian language (Bahasa Malaysia) being a precise appellation for the Malay variety used in the country.^[13] Between 1986 and 2007, the term Bahasa Melayu was used instead of Bahasa Malaysia, until the latter was reinstated, in order to instill a sense of belonging among Malaysians of all races, rather than just Malays.^[14][15] Therefore, there was no clear distinction between the use of the term Malay (Bahasa Melayu) and the national language of Malaysia (Bahasa Malaysia). In Brunei, where Malay is also an official language, the language is known as Bahasa Melayu and in English as 'Malay'.^[16]

In Indonesia, however, there is a clear distinction between 'Malay language' (bahasa Melayu) and 'Indonesian' (bahasa Indonesia). Indonesian is the national language which serves as the unifying language of Indonesia; despite being a standardized form of Malay, it is not referred to with the term 'Malay' in common parlance.^[17] The term 'Malay' is usually reserved for the forms of Malay indigenous to the Malay ethnic group (the national standardized language of Malaysia and the non-standard idioms of Malay people, including those used by Malay Indonesians). Thus, 'Malay' is considered a regional language (bahasa daerah) in Indonesia, enjoying the same status as e.g. Javanese, Sundanese, Buginese, Balinese, Batak languages and others.^[18] Moreover, to some Indonesians, the term 'Malay' is more often associated with Malaysia and the Malaysian variety of Malay.^[19].

In Malaysia, the terms 'Indonesian Malay' and 'Malaysian Malay' are sometimes used for Indonesian and Malaysian as spoken in Malaysia. In Indonesia, 'Indonesian Malay' usually refers to the vernacular varieties of Malay spoken by the Malay peoples of Indonesia, that is, to Malay as a regional language in Sumatra, though it is rarely used.^[20]Bahasa Malaysia and Bahasa Melayu are used interchangeably in reference to Malay in Malaysia.

Orthography[edit]

Before the 20th century, Malay was written in a local modified form of the Arabic alphabet known as Jawi. Youtube asbak band. During the 20th century, Malay written with Roman letters, known as Rumi, almost completely replaced Jawi in everyday life. The romanisations originally used in Malaya (now part of Malaysia) and the Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia) reflected their past history as British and Dutch colonial possessions respectively. In Malaya, the romanisation of Malay, devised by Richard Wilkinson^[21] was influenced by English, whereas in the Dutch East Indies, the system devised by C. A. Van Ophuijsen was influenced by Dutch.^[22] As a result, in Indonesia, the vowel in the English word 'moon' was formerly represented oe, as in Dutch, although the official spelling of this sound was changed to u in 1947 when the Republican Spelling System was used.^[23]

Similarly, until 1972, the initial consonant of the English 'chin' was represented in Malaysia as ch, whereas in Indonesia, it continued to follow Dutch and used tj. Hence the word for 'grandchild' used to be written as chuchu in Malaysia and tjoetjoe in Indonesia, until a unified spelling system was introduced in 1972 (known in Indonesia as Ejaan Yang Disempurnakan or the 'Perfected Spelling') which removed most differences between the two varieties: Malay ch and Indonesian tj became c: hence cucu.^[24] Indonesia abandoned the spelling dj (for the consonant at the beginning of the word 'Jakarta') to conform to the j already in use in Malaysia, while the old Indonesian j for the semivowel at the beginning of the English 'young', was replaced with y as in Malaysia. Likewise, the velar fricative which occurs in many Arabic loanwords, which used to be written 'ch' in Indonesian, became kh in both languages.^[24] However, oe was retained in some proper names, such as the name of the first President, Sukarno (written as Soekarno), and his successor Suharto, (written as Soeharto). The ch and dj letter combinations are still encountered in names such as Achmad and Djojo (pronounced as Akhmad and Joyo Album gotan project la revancha del tango. respectively), although the post-1972 spelling is now favoured.

Although the representations of speech sounds are now largely identical in the Indonesian and Malay standards, a number of minor spelling differences remain, usually for historical reasons. For instance, the word for 'money' is written as wang in Malaysia, but uang in Indonesia, the word for 'try' is written as cuba in Malaysia, but coba in Indonesia, the word for 'because' is written as kerana in Malaysia, but karena in Indonesia, while the word for 'cake' is written as kuih in Malaysia, but kue in Indonesia. One notable difference in punctuation between the two languages is the use of different decimal marks; Indonesian, influenced by Dutch, uses the decimal comma,^[25] whereas Malay, influenced by English, uses the decimal point.^[26]

Pronunciation[edit]

Pronunciation also tends to be very different, with East Malaysia, Brunei and East Indonesia pronouncing words in a form called Bahasa Baku,^[27] where the words are pronounced as spelled.^[28] and enunciation tends to be clipped, staccato and faster than on the Malay Peninsula, which is spoken at a more languorous pace. Many vowels are pronounced (and were formerly spelt) differently in Peninsular Malaysia, Singapore and Sumatra: tujuh is pronounced (and was spelt) tujoh, pilih as pileh, etc., and many final a's tend to be pronounced as schwas; [e] and [o] are also allophones of /i/ and /u/ in closed final syllables in peninsular Malaysian, Singaporean and Sumatran varieties of Malay.^[29][30]

Vocabulary[edit]

Vocabulary differences[edit]

Indonesian differs from Malaysian in the quantity of loanwords from Javanese, Dutch and other languages. For example, the word for 'post office' in Malaysia is 'pejabat pos' (in Indonesia this means 'post officer'), whereas in Indonesia it is 'kantor pos', from the Dutch word for office, kantoor. There are also some Portuguese influences: in Indonesia, Christmas is known as 'Natal', whereas Malaysia uses 'Krismas', derived from English (or in some cases also 'Natal', due to Indonesian influence). Pronunciation of some loanwords in Standard Malay follows English, while some in Indonesian follows Dutch, for example Malay 'televisyen' (from English: television) and Indonesian 'televisi' (from Dutch: televisie), the '-syen' and '-si' also prevail in some other words. There are also instances where the Malaysian version derives from English pronunciation while the Indonesian version takes its cue from Latin. The Latin preference of the (older) Indonesian intellectuals in these instances may be ascribed to the influence of their classical-oriented education when Gymnasium schools were established during the Dutch colonial period : compare Malay kualiti, kuantiti, majoriti, minoriti and universiti with Indonesian kualitas, kuantitas, mayoritas, minoritas and universitas.

Some words which are spelt the same in both languages may even carry entirely different meanings in the other language, potentially leading to humorous or embarrassing situations: while baja means 'steel' in Indonesian, in Malaysian it means 'fertiliser'. Also, whereas the Indonesian word butuh means 'require' or 'need', in Malaysian, it is a vulgar slang term equivalent to 'cunt/cock'. Conversely, where the word 'banci' seems innocuous enough in Malaysia ('census'), in Indonesia it is a derogatory term for 'transvestite'.

The relatively large share of Islamic (Arabic or Persian) loan words shared by Malaysian and Indonesian often poses no difficulty in comprehension and usage, although some forms may have developed a (slightly) different meaning or have become obsolete either in Malaysian or in Indonesian, e.g. khidmat, wakil (see below).

Vocabulary comparison[edit]

False friends[edit]

Besides vocabulary differences, there are also a number of false friends in both languages. As these words are in quite common use in either or both of the languages, misunderstandings can arise.

Same words, same meaning, but different letter(s)[edit]

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Syllabification[edit]

The influence of English[edit]

One of the most important aspect in differences between Malaysian and Indonesian is the degree of influence from English. Apart from being heavily influenced by the Dutch language, Indonesian language also adopted a significant number of English loanwords in its vocabulary, although English did not play significant role on the Indonesian language and in fact most of these vocabulary are of Dutch origin – Dutch and English share a similar Germanic origin, and Dutch has also borrowed from Latin, although to a lesser extent than English. There have been many changes in Indonesian as a result of its historical development. Words have been freely borrowed from English and only partly assimilated, in many cases, to the Indonesian patterns of structure.^[33]

By the late 1970s, English words began pouring into the language, leading one commentator, writing in 1977, to refer to the 'trend towards Indo-Saxonization',^[34] known in Indonesian as pengindosaksonan. A great many borrowings from English sometimes fulfill no communicative need, expressing concepts adequately covered by existing words. Among the examples are: akurat instead of tepat (accurate), aliansi in the place of sekutu (alliance), eksis rather than ada (exist), kandidat as well as calon (candidate), konklusi instead of kesimpulan (conclusion) kontaminasi in the place of pencemaran (contamination), opini rather than pendapat (opinion) and opsi in the place of pilihan (option). Contrary to its Indonesian counterpart, Malay has shown a remarkable resilience, despite formerly being part of British Empire.^[35]

Some in Indonesia view this trend of excessive borrowings as 'language dynamism', while some Malaysian^{[clarification needed]}linguists called it mass 'language pollution',^[36] and lack of creativity in creating new terms.

Example[edit]

The original text in Indonesian:

^[37] Apabila peraturan pakta stabilitas Eropa dihormati sampai ke detailnya, rasio utang publikdibandingproduk domestik bruto pada hari krisis akan berada di posisi 10 persentase poin kurang dalam zona euro, katanya.

The same text rendered in Malaysian:

Apabila peraturan pakatan kestabilan Eropah dihormati secara terperinci, nisbah hutang awamberbandingkeluaran dalam negara kasar pada zaman krisis akan berada di kedudukan 10 mata peratusan kurang dalam zon euro, kata beliau.

English translation:

If the European stability pact rules had been respected in detail, the ratio of public debttogross domestic product on the days of crisis would have been at the position 10 percentage points less in the eurozone, he said.

Convergence of vocabulary[edit]

The rift of evolution between the two languages is based more on political nuance and the history of their formation than on cultural reasons. As a result, views regarding each other's languages differ amongst Malaysians and Indonesians. In Malaysia, the national language is Malaysian; in Indonesia, it is Indonesian. Malaysians tend to assert that Malaysian and Indonesian are merely different varieties of the same language, while Indonesians tend to treat them as separate – albeit closely related – languages. The result of this attitude is that the Indonesians feel little need to synchronize their language with Malaysia, Singapore and Brunei, whereas the Malaysians are keener to coordinate the evolution of the language with the Indonesians.^[38] However, both parties have realized that communication benefits from mutually comprehensible and intelligible languages, which motivated efforts to synchronize the languages' development. The effort to synchronize both languages' evolution to increase their mutual intelligibility has been embarked by imposing standard rules of language. This process is headed by Pusat Bahasa^[39] on the Indonesian side and Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka as its Malaysian counterpart.

Sample[edit]

The following texts are excerpts from the official translations of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in Malaysian and Indonesian, along with the original declaration in English.

• Malaysian text sample:^[40]

Maka dengan ini,

Perhimpunan Agung mengisytiharkan

PERISYTIHARAN SEJAGAT HAK ASASI MANUSIA ini sebagai suatu ukuran bersama terhadap pencapaian oleh seluruh umat manusia dan kesemua negara dengan tujuan supaya setiap individu dan setiap badan masyarakat, dengan sentiasa mengingati Perisytiharan ini, hendaklah berazam melalui pengajaran dan pendidikan bagi memajukan sanjungan terhadap seluruh hak-hak dan kebebasan ini dan secara langkah-langkah berperingkat-peringkat, di bidang negara dan antarabangsa, bagi menjaminkan pengkitirafan dan pematuhan sejagatnya yang berkesan, kedua-duanya di antara negara-negara anggota masing-masing dan rakyat wilayah-wilayah di bawah bidangkuasa mereka.

Perkara 1.

Semua manusia dilahirkan bebas dan samarata dari segi kemuliaan dan hak-hak. Mereka mempunyai pemikiran dan perasaan hati dan hendaklah bertindak di antara satu sama lain dengan semangat persaudaraan.

• Indonesian text sample:^[41]

Maka,

Majelis Umum memproklamasikan

PERNYATAAN UMUM TENTANG HAK ASASI MANUSIA sebagai satu standar umum keberhasilan untuk semua bangsa dan negara, dengan tujuan agar setiap orang dan setiap badan dalam masyarakat dengan senantiasa mengingat Pernyataan ini, akan berusaha dengan jalan mengajar dan mendidik untuk menggalakkan penghargaan terhadap hak-hak dan kebebasan-kebebasan tersebut, dan dengan jalan tindakan-tindakan progresif yang bersifat nasional maupun internasional, menjamin pengakuan dan penghormatannya secara universal dan efektif, baik oleh bangsa-bangsa dari negara anggota sendiri maupun oleh bangsa-bangsa dari daerah-daerah yang berada di bawah kekuasaan hukum mereka.

Pasal 1

Semua orang dilahirkan merdeka dan mempunyai martabat dan hak-hak yang sama. Mereka dikaruniai akal dan hati nurani dan hendaknya bergaul sesama lain dalam semangat persaudaraan.

• The original English version of the text:^[42]

Now, therefore,

the General Assembly proclaims

this UNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS as a common standard of achievement for all peoples and all nations, to the end that every individual and every organ of society, keeping this Declaration constantly in mind, shall strive by teaching and education to promote respect for these rights and freedoms and by progressive measures, national and international, to secure their universal and effective recognition and observance, both among the peoples of Member States themselves and among the peoples of territories under their jurisdiction.

Article 1

All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.

References[edit]

1. ^Adelaar, K. Alexander; Himmelmann, Nikolaus (7 March 2013). The Austronesian Languages of Asia and Madagascar. Routledge. ISBN9781136755095.
2. ^Clark, Marshall; Pietsch, Juliet (26 March 2014). Indonesia-Malaysia Relations: Cultural Heritage, Politics and Labour Migration. Routledge. ISBN9781317808886.
3. ^Ahmad, Ibrahim (2011). Kesenjangan leksikal bahasa Melayu Malaysia dan bahasa Indonesia (in Malay). Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka. ISBN9789834605209.
4. ^Hafriza Burhanudeen; Nor Zakiah Abdul Hamid; Norsimah Mat Awal; Mohd Azlan Mis. 'The Reality of Bahasa Melayu and Bahasa Indonesia in Academia'(PDF). Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia. The International Journal of Language Society and Culture. Archived from the original(PDF) on 26 July 2008. Retrieved 9 July 2012.
5. ^Teeuw, A. (17 April 2013). A Critical Survey of Studies on Malay and Bahasa Indonesia: Bibliographical. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN9789401187886.
6. ^Makihara, Miki; Schieffelin, Bambi B. (27 September 2007). Consequences of Contact: Language Ideologies and Sociocultural Transformations in Pacific Societies. Oxford University Press. ISBN9780190295936.
7. ^Fairy Mahzan. 'The Wonderful World of Subtitling'. MyIndo.com. Retrieved 9 July 2012.
8. ^'Hore, MNCTV Tayangkan Film Terbaru Upin Ipin'. SINDOnews.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 14 February 2018.
9. ^DiPiazza, Francesca (1 January 2006). Malaysia in Pictures. Twenty-First Century Books. ISBN9780822526742.
10. ^M.H.;, Wahyudi, S. Kep , Ns; M.Pd, Bivit Anggoro Prasetyo Nugroho, S. Pd; M.Pd, Dra Isnaeni Praptanti. Bahasa Indonesia Kesehatan (in Indonesian). Penerbit Andi. ISBN9789792963014.
11. ^World and Its Peoples: Eastern and Southern Asia. Marshall Cavendish. 2007. ISBN9780761476436.
12. ^Simpson, Andrew (30 August 2007). Language and National Identity in Asia. OUP Oxford. ISBN9780191533082.
13. ^Bertacco, Simona (17 December 2013). Language and Translation in Postcolonial Literatures: Multilingual Contexts, Translational Texts. Routledge. ISBN9781135136390.
14. ^Bahasa Melayu becomes Bahasa Malaysia again, Lim Kit Siang, 6 June 2007
15. ^Dasgupta, Jyotirindra (1970). Language Conflict and National Development: Group Politics and National Language Policy in India. University of California Press. ISBN9780520015906.
16. ^Perambahan: A unique feature of Brunei Malay, Brunei Times, 4 August 2010
17. ^Kaplan, R. B.; Jr, Richard B. Baldauf (14 March 2013). Language and Language-in-Education Planning in the Pacific Basin. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN9789401701457.
18. ^'malay regional language indonesia – Google Search'. google.co.id. Retrieved 14 February 2018.
19. ^PELBBA 17: Pertemuan Linguistik Pusat Kajian Bahasa dan Budaya Atma Jaya Ketujuh Belas (in Indonesian). Yayasan Obor Indonesia. 2004. ISBN9789794615270.
20. ^Indonesia, Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan. Masyarakat Indonesia (in Indonesian). Yayasan Obor Indonesia.
21. ^Spelling and Society: The Culture and Politics of Orthography Around the World, Mark Sebba, Cambridge University Press, 2007
22. ^The Indonesian Language: Its History and Role in Modern Society, James N. Sneddon, UNSW Press, 2003
23. ^Genetti, Carol (23 January 2014). How Languages Work: An Introduction to Language and Linguistics. Cambridge University Press. ISBN9780521767446.
24. ^ ^abJones, Russell. Loan-Words in Indonesian and Malay. Yayasan Pustaka Obor Indonesia. ISBN9786024331740.
25. ^Istri Djoko Disebut Beli Rumah Rp 7,1 Miliar, Kompas, 14 June 2013
26. ^58 IBO berpotensi jana RM1.9b, Utusan Melayu, 6 June 2013
27. ^Kluge, Angela (8 July 2016). A grammar of Papuan Malay. Language Science Press. ISBN9783944675862.
28. ^Velupillai, Viveka (15 April 2015). Pidgins, Creoles and Mixed Languages: An Introduction. John Benjamins Publishing Company. ISBN9789027268846.
29. ^Ammon, Ulrich; Hellinger, Marlis (1992). Status Change of Languages. Walter de Gruyter. ISBN9783110126686.
30. ^Salleh, Editor Muhammad Haji (27 August 2015). Early History of Penang (Penerbit USM). Penerbit USM. ISBN9789838616577.CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list (link)
31. ^Balai Bahasa Jawa Tengah
32. ^Hasil Pencarian – KBBI Daring
33. ^Roderick Ross Macdonald (1976). Indonesian reference grammar. Georgetown, USA: Georgetown University Press. p. 2. ISBN9780878401635.
34. ^The Indonesian Quarterly, Yayasan Proklamasi, Centre for Strategic and International Studies, 1977 Volume 5, Issues 1–3, page 76
35. ^Seong Chee Tham (1991). A Study of the Evolution of the Malay Language: Social Change and Cognitive Development. Singapore: Singapore University Press. p. 14. ISBN978-9971691363.
36. ^'Bahasa Melayu dan Bahasa Indonesia'(PDF). Berita Harian. 19 March 2008. Retrieved 9 February 2011.
37. ^Antara News – Draghi: Krisis Zona Euro Berisiko 'Sistemik'
38. ^Who is Malay?, July 2005
39. ^due to several reorganization in current cabinet, the Indonesian Language Regulator is Badan Pengembangan dan Pembinaan Bahasa, Kementerian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan, Republik Indonesia
40. ^From
41. ^From
42. ^From

External links[edit]

• The Malay Spelling Reform, Asmah Haji Omar, (Journal of the Simplified Spelling Society, 1989-2 pp. 9–13 later designated J11)
• The MALAY LANGUAGE in MALAYSIA and INDONESIA: from lingua franca to national language Asmah Haji Omar article in The Asianists' ASIA
• Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia. 2008. Pusat Bahasa, Departemen Pendidikan Nasional
• Senarai komprehensif perbezaan ejaan Malaysia dan ejaan Indonesia, Hiroki Nomoto, Nahoko Yamashita, Ayano Osaka (orthographic differences between Standard Malay and Indonesian)